Solar arrays - Parallel vs Series
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Parallel and series connections in solar arrays affect the voltage, current, and overall performance of the system.
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Series Connection: When solar panels are connected in series, their voltages add up while the current remains the same. This increases the total voltage output of the array. For instance, if you have three 12V panels connected in series, the total voltage output would be 36V (12V + 12V + 12V). Series connections are useful when you need to match the system voltage to the requirements of a charge controller or an inverter.
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Parallel Connection: When solar panels are connected in parallel, their voltages remain the same while the currents add up. This increases the total current output of the array. Using the same example of three 12V panels, if you connect them in parallel, the voltage output remains at 12V, but the total current increases. Parallel connections are beneficial when you want to maximize current output, especially when shading or panel orientation might affect individual panels' performance.
Choosing between series and parallel connections depends on several factors:
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Voltage Requirements: Series connections help achieve higher voltages, matching the requirements of certain inverters or charge controllers.
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Current Requirements: Parallel connections are beneficial when higher currents are needed, especially in situations where shading or individual panel performance might vary.
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System Design and Efficiency: Series connections might be prone to performance reduction if one panel in the series is shaded or underperforming. Parallel connections can mitigate this risk by maintaining higher currents even if one panel is affected.
Many solar installations use a combination of series and parallel connections, creating what's called a series-parallel configuration, to achieve the desired voltage and current outputs while mitigating potential shading or performance issues. Understanding the electrical characteristics of your solar panels and the requirements of your system is crucial in determining the most suitable connection configuration.